Which functional groups react in a Fischer esterification reaction?

The correct answer is based on the fact that a Fischer esterification reaction specifically occurs between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid donates its electrophilic carbonyl carbon, and the alcohol provides a nucleophilic hydroxyl group. The two components react in the presence of an acid catalyst, typically resulting in the formation of an ester and water.

The mechanism involves the protonation of the carboxylic acid, which enhances its electrophilicity, allowing for nucleophilic attack by the alcohol. The resulting intermediate undergoes a series of steps leading to the elimination of water and the formation of the ester product. This reaction is an equilibrium process, meaning that the conditions can favor either the formation of esters or their hydrolysis back to the starting materials.

The other functional groups listed do not participate in Fischer esterification as they either do not have the required structural components or react in different types of chemical processes. Understanding the specific reactivity of carboxylic acids and alcohols in this context is crucial for mastering organic synthesis techniques.