What type of functional group is characterized by a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group?

The functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (—OH) is known as a carboxylic acid. This particular structure is important because it consists of both the carbonyl and hydroxyl parts, which gives carboxylic acids their distinctive acidic properties. The presence of the carbonyl group contributes to the reactivity of the compound, while the hydroxyl group enhances solubility in water and also plays a role in hydrogen bonding.

Carboxylic acids are typically found in many biological compounds and play significant roles in various biochemical processes. This combination of functional groups not only defines their structure but also influences their behavior and reactivity in organic chemistry, distinguishing them from other functional groups such as alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes.